Machine Learning Clustering Analysis Towards Educator’s Readiness to Adopt Augmented Reality as a Teaching Tool

Anbuselvan Sangodiah; Wei Chooi Yi; Ayu Norafida binti Ayob; Norazira Binti A Jalil; Charles Ramendran S PR Subramaniam; Gong Lirong

doi:10.13164/mendel.2023.2.147

Anbuselvan Sangodiah School of Computing, Faculty of Computing and Engineering, Quest International University, Malaysia
Wei Chooi Yi Department of Finance, Faculty of Business and Finance, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia
Ayu Norafida binti Ayob School of Computing, Faculty of Computing and Engineering, Quest International University, Malaysia
Norazira Binti A Jalil Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia
Charles Ramendran S PR Subramaniam Department of Business and Public Administration, Faculty of Business and Finance, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia
Gong Lirong Department of Teaching Quality Monitoring, University of Sanya, Hainan, China

DOI: https://doi.org/10.13164/mendel.2023.2.147

Keywords: Augmented Reality, Clustering, K-modes, Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use

Abstract

The advanced digital revolution has shifted conventional teaching and learning into digital education. In consistency with digital education, Augmented Reality (AR) applications started to shine in the education industry for their ability to create conducive teaching and learning environments, especially in remote learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Movement Control Order (MCO) implemented in the year 2020 has led to emergency remote teaching and learning without much preparation for all educators and learners. Throughout these few years, most educators got familiar with digital teaching tools and online teaching platforms. Hence, this study aims to explore educators’ readiness to adopt AR as a teaching tool in their teaching during the endemic period. A quantitative approach via questionnaire has been distributed to the Private Higher Education Institutions (PHEIs) in the states of Selangor and Kuala Lumpur. Machine learning using a clustering technique was used to find patterns between the demographics of educators towards the AR perception of educators. The results revealed that educators' perceptions of AR technology are influenced by their familiarity with it, their personal beliefs, and their attitudes toward technology. This study provides an insightful overview of the benefits of AR applications in education and the implications of the adoption of AR in Malaysian schools and educational institutions. It also highlights the importance of motivating educators and students to embrace AR as an enhancement learning tool, providing a valuable discussion for the government, learning institutions, and educators on the implementation of AR in Malaysia.

References

Abdul Hanid, M. F., Mohamad Said, M. N. H., Yahaya, N., and Abdullah, Z. Effects of augmented reality application integration with computational thinking in geometry topics. Education and Information Technologies 27, 7 (2022), 9485–9521.

Abdullah, N. A., Alias, N. A., Yusof, S. M., and Talib, M. R. The use of augmented reality in malaysian secondary schools: Teachers’ readiness and challenges. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning 14, 7 (2019), 72–85.

Abrar, M. F., et al. Augmented reality in education: A study on preschool children, parents, and teachers in bangladesh. In Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality. Applications and Case Studies, Orlando, FL, USA, July 26–31 (2019), Springer, pp. 217–229.

Al-Ani, M., and Kasto, N. The acceptance of using augmented reality technology in teaching programming. In Innovation Arabia 11: Dubai, UAE (2018).

Althari, S., et al. Unsupervised clustering of missense variants in hnf1a using multidimensional functional data aids clinical interpretation. The American Journal of Human Genetics 107, 4 (2020), 670– 682.

Aqel, M., Abdelrazeq, A., and Abuhmaid, A. Teachers’ perceptions and attitudes towards the use of augmented reality in the classroom: A case study. Education and Information Technologies 24, 2 (2019), 1361–1379.

Artrith, N., et al. Best practices in machine learning for chemistry. Nature chemistry 13, 6 (2021), 505–508.

Ashley-Welbeck, A., and Vlachopoulos, D. Teachers’ perceptions on using augmented reality for language learning in primary years programme (pyp) education. iJET 15, 12 (2020), 116–135.

Azuma, R. T. A survey of augmented reality. Presence: teleoperators & virtual environments 6, 4 (1997), 355–385.

Bursali, H., and Yilmaz, R. M. Effect of augmented reality applications on secondary school students’ reading comprehension and learning permanency. Computers in Human Behavior 95 (2019), 126–135.

Chen, Y., Wang, Q., Chen, H., Song, X., Tang, H., and Tian, M. An overview of augmented reality technology. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (2019), vol. 1237, IOP Publishing, p. 022082.

Cheng, K.-H. Surveying students’ conceptions of learning science by augmented reality and their scientific epistemic beliefs. EURASIA J Math Sci Tech Ed 14, 4 (2018), 1147–1159.

Dai, Y., Yuan, G., Yang, Z., and Wang, B. K-modes clustering algorithm based on weighted overlap distance and its application in intrusion detection. Scientific Programming 2021 (2021), 1–9.

Dutt, A., Ismail, M. A., and Herawan, T. A systematic review on educational data mining. Ieee Access 5 (2017), 15991–16005.

Ebenezer, J., Kaya, O. N., and Kassab, D. High school students’ reasons for their science dispositions: Community-based innovative technology-embedded environmental research projects. Research in Science Education 50 (2020), 1341–1365.

Elmer, J., Jones, B. L., and Nagin, D. S. Comparison of parametric and nonparametric methods for outcome prediction using longitudinal data after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 148 (2020), 152–160.

Fuchsova, M., and Korenova, L. Visualisation in basic science and engineering education of future primary school teachers in human biology education using augmented reality. European journal of contemporary education 8, 1 (2019), 92–102.

Gan, C. L., and Balakrishnan, V. Mobile technology in the classroom: what drives studentlecturer interactions? International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 34, 7 (2018), 666–679.

Gao, C., et al. Innovative materials science via machine learning. Advanced Functional Materials 32, 1 (2022), 2108044.

Garzon, J., and Acevedo, J. Meta-analysis of the impact of augmented reality on students’ learning gains. Educational Research Review 27 (2019), 244–260.

Garzon, J., Pavon, J., and Baldiris, S. Systematic review and meta-analysis of augmented reality in educational settings. Virtual Reality 23, 4 (2019), 447–459.

Hiranyachattada, T., and Kusirirat, K. Using mobile augmented reality to enhancing students’ conceptual understanding of physicallybased rendering in 3d animation. European Journal of Science and Mathematics Education 8, 1 (2020), 1–5.

Hockly, N. Augmented reality. ELT Journal 73, 3 (2019), 328–334.

Jamrus, M. H. M., and Razali, A. B. Acceptance, readiness and intention to use augmented reality (ar) in teaching english reading among secondary school teachers in malaysia. Asian Journal of University Education 17, 4 (2021), 312–326.

Jang, J., Ko, Y., Shin, W. S., and Han, I. Augmented reality and virtual reality for learning: An examination using an extended technology acceptance model. IEEE access 9 (2021), 6798–6809.

Jumadi Dehotman Sitompul, B., Salim Sitompul, O., and Sihombing, P. Enhancement clustering evaluation result of davies-bouldin index with determining initial centroid of k-means algorithm. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (2019), vol. 1235, IOP Publishing, p. 012015.

Jwaifell, M. In-service science teachers’ readiness of integrating augmented reality. Journal of Curriculum and Teaching 8, 2 (2019), 43–53.

Kaewunruen, S. Enhancing railway engineering student engagement using interactive technology embedded with infotainment. Education Sciences 9, 2 (2019), 136.

Karakus, M., Ersozlu, A., and Clark, A. C. Augmented reality research in education: A bibliometric study. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education 15, 10 (2019).

Khairuldin, W., Embong, A. H., Anas, W., Ismail, D., and Mokhtar, W. An augmented reality (ar) approach in educational integration of du’a in islam. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development 8, 1 (2019), 32–39.

Khan, T., Johnston, K., Ophoff, J., et al. The impact of an augmented reality application on learning motivation of students. Advances in human-computer interaction 2019 (2019).

Kim, J., and Shim, J. Development of an arbased ai education app for non-majors. IEEE Access 10 (2022), 14149–14156.

Kiryakova, G., Angelova, N., and Yordanova, L. The potential of augmented reality to transform education into smart education. TEM Journal 7, 3 (2018), 556.

Kugelmann, D., et al. An augmented reality magic mirror as additive teaching device for gross anatomy. Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger 215 (2018), 71–77.

Lham, T., Jurmey, P., and Tshering, S. Augmented reality as a classroom teaching and learning tool: Teachers’ and students’ attitude. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies 12, 4 (2020), 27–35.

Lin, H.-C. K., Chen, M.-C., and Chang, C.- K. Assessing the effectiveness of learning solid geometry by using an augmented reality-assisted learning system. Interactive Learning Environments 23, 6 (2015), 799–810.

Ma, J., Liu, Q., Yu, S., Liu, M., Liu, J., and Wu, L. Chinese k-12 teachers’ acceptance of augmented reality based on technology acceptance model. In International Symposium on Educational Technology (2021), IEEE, pp. 243–246.

Ma, M., et al. Personalized augmented reality for anatomy education. Clinical Anatomy 29, 4 (2016), 446–453.

Masmuzidin, M. Z., and Aziz, N. A. A. The current trends of augmented reality in early childhood education. The International Journal of Multimedia & Its Applications (IJMA) 10, 6 (2018), 47.

Masood, T., and Egger, J. Adopting augmented reality in the age of industrial digitalisation. Computers in Industry 115 (2020), 103112.

Mercader, C., and Gairın, J. University teachers’ perception of barriers to the use of digital technologies: the importance of the academic discipline. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education 17, 1 (2020), 4.

Moro, C., Stromberga, Z., Raikos, A., and Stirling, A. The effectiveness of virtual and augmented reality in health sciences and medical anatomy. Anatomical sciences education 10, 6 (2017), 549–559.

Palamar, S. P., et al. Formation of readiness of future teachers to use augmented reality in the educational process of preschool and primary education. CEUR Workshop Proceedings.

Porter, M. E., and Heppelmann, J. E. A manager’s guide to augmented reality. Harvard Business Review 95, 6 (2017), 45–57.

Sarker, I. H. Machine learning: Algorithms, real-world applications and research directions. SN computer science 2, 3 (2021), 160.

Shalchyan, V., and Farina, D. A nonparametric bayesian approach for clustering and tracking non-stationarities of neural spikes. Journal of neuroscience methods 223 (2014), 85–91.

Shen, S., Xu, K., Sotiriadis, M., and Wang, Y. Exploring the factors influencing the adoption and usage of augmented reality and virtual reality applications in tourism education within the context of covid-19 pandemic. Journal of hospitality, leisure, sport & tourism education 30 (2022), 100373.

Shetty, A. R., Ahmed, F. B., and Naik, V. M. Ckd prediction using data mining technique as svm and knn with pycharm. Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol 6, 05 (2019), 4399–4405.

Sutherland, I. E. A head-mounted three dimensional display. In Proceedings of the December 9-11, 1968, fall joint computer conference, part I (1968), pp. 757–764.

Syakur, M., Khotimah, B., Rochman, E., and Satoto, B. D. Integration k-means clustering method and elbow method for identification of the best customer profile cluster. In IOP conference series: materials science and engineering (2018), vol. 336, IOP Publishing, p. 012017.

Tzima, S., Styliaras, G., and Bassounas, A. Augmented reality applications in education: Teachers point of view. Education Sciences 9, 2 (2019), 99.

Wang, D., and Khambari, M. N. M. The application of a game-based ar learning model in english sentence learning. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology 8, 1 (2020), 63–71.

Wang, X., and Xu, Y. An improved index for clustering validation based on silhouette index and calinski-harabasz index. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (2019), vol. 569, IOP Publishing, p. 052024.

Wei, C. Y., et al. Augmented reality (ar) as an enhancement teaching tool: Are educators ready for it? Contemporary Educational Technology 13, 3 (2021), ep303.

Wen, Y. Augmented reality enhanced cognitive engagement: Designing classroom-based collaborative learning activities for young language learners. Educational Technology Research and Development 69, 2 (2021), 843–860.

Weng, N. G., et al. An augmented reality system for biology science education in malaysia. International Journal of Innovative Computing 6, 2 (2016).

Wojciechowski, R., Walczak, K., White, M., and Cellary, W. Building virtual and augmented reality museum exhibitions. In Proceedings of the ninth international conference on 3D Web technology (2004), pp. 135–144.

Wyss, C., Degonda, A., Buhrer, W., and Furrer, F. The impact of student characteristics for working with ar technologies in higher education—findings from an exploratory study with microsoft hololens. Information 13, 3 (2022), 112.

Xavier, J. C., Canuto, A. M., Almeida, N. D., and Gonc¸alves, L. M. A comparative analysis of dissimilarity measures for clustering categorical data. In International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (2013), IEEE, pp. 1–8.

Yip, J., et al. Improving quality of teaching and learning in classes by using augmented reality video. Computers & Education 128 (2019), 88–101.

Zhang, J., Yen, S.-H., Liu, T.-C., Sung, Y.- T., and Chang, K.-E. Studies on learning effects of ar-assisted and ppt-based lectures. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher 31, 1 (2022), 1–10.